Theocritus

While there's life there's hope, and only the dead have none.

Theocritus (fl. c. 270 BC) was a Greek poet of the 3rd century BC, probably a Syracusan who later lived in Kos and Alexandria. He invented the genre of pastoral poetry.

Quotes

Lo! how small
Was the gift, and yet how precious! Friendship's gifts are priceless all.

Greek text cited from C. Gallavotti, Theocritus quique feruntur Bucolici Graeci (Rome, ³1993).

Idylls

• ἅδιον, ὦ ποιμήν, τὸ τεὸν μέλος ἢ τὸ καταχὲς
  τῆν᾿ ἀπὸ τᾶς πέτρας καταλείβεται ὑψόθεν ὕδωρ.
  • Sweeter, shepherd, falls thy song than yonder stream that tumbles plashing from the rocks.
  • I.7–8 (tr. A. S. F. Gow, 1952)

• ἠνίδε σιγῇ μὲν πόντος, σιγῶντι δ᾿ ἀῆται,
  ἁ δ᾿ ἐμὰ οὐ σιγῇ στέρνων ἔντοσθεν ἀνία.
  • Look, still is the sea and still are the breezes; but the pain in my heart is not still.
  • II.33–34

• ἐλπίδες ἐν ζωοῖσιν, ἀνέλπιστοι δὲ θανόντες.
  • While there's life there’s hope, and only the dead have none.
  • IV.42 (tr. A. S. F. Gow, 1952)

  Compare Cicero, Ad Atticum, IX.10.4:
  Aegroto, dum anima est, spes est
  While the sick man has life, there is hope.

• ἦ γὰρ ἔρωτι
  πολλάκις, ὦ Πολύφημε, τὰ μὴ καλὰ καλὰ πέφανται.
  • Faults are beauties, when survey'd by love.
  • VI.18–19 (tr. R. Polwhele, 1786)

• τὰν παρεοῖσαν ἄμελγε· τί τὸν φεύγοντα διώκεις;
  • Milk the ewe that thou hast, why pursue the thing that shuns thee?
  • XI.75 (tr. A. Lang, 1880)

• οἱ δὲ ποθεῦντες ἐν ἤματι γηράσκουσιν.
  • They that yearn grow old in a day.
  • XII.2 (tr. A. S. F. Gow, 1952)

• ἀεργοῖς αἰὲν ἑορτά.
  • It's always holiday for those that have nothing to do.
  • XV.26 (tr. A. S. F. Gow, 1952)

• ἐς Τροίαν πειρώμενοι ἦνθον Ἀχαιοί,
  καλλίστα παίδων· πείρᾳ θην πάντα τελεῖται.
  • The Greeks got into Troy by trying, my pretties; everything's done by trying.
  • XV.61–62 (tr. A. S. F. Gow, 1952)

• εὐσεβέων παίδεσσι τὰ λώια, δυσσεβέων δ᾿ οὔ.
  • The godly seed fares well: the wicked's is accurst.
  • XXVI.32 (tr. C. S. Calverley, 1869)

• κῆνο γάρ τις ἔρει τὦπος ἴδων σ᾿· «ἦ μεγάλα χάρις
  δώρῳ σὺν ὀλίγῳ· πάντα δὲ τίματα τὰ πὰρ φίλων».
  • Men shall look on thee and murmur to each other, "Lo! how small
    Was the gift, and yet how precious! Friendship's gifts are priceless all."
  • XVIII.24–25 (tr. C. S. Calverley, 1869)

• ἄλλου δ᾿ ἄλλον ἔθηκε θεὸς ἐπιδευέα φωτῶν.
  • For heaven's eternal wisdom has decreed,
    That man of man should ever stand in need.
  • XXV.50 (tr. F. Fawkes, 1767)

• ἀλλὰ πέρρ ἀπάλω στύματός σε πεδέρχομαι
  ὀμνάσθην, ὅτι πέρρυσιν ἦσθα νεώτερος,
  κὤττι γηράλεοι πέλεμεν πρὶν ἀπύπτυσαι
  καὶ ῥύσοι, νεότατα δ᾿ ἔχειν παλινάγρετον
  οὐκ ἔστι· πτέρυγας γὰρ ἐπωμιδίαις φόρη,
  κἄμμες βαρδύτεροι τὰ ποτήμενα συλλάβην.
  • No? Reflect that you're older each year than the last;
    That we all must grow gray, and the wrinkles come fast.
    Reflect, ere you spurn me, that youth at his sides
    Wears wings; and once gone, all pursuit he derides.
  • XXIX.25–30 (tr. C. S. Calverley, 1869)

Quotes about Theocritus

Rural, romantic wildness of thought ... with such lively pictures...of simple unadorned nature. ~ Joseph Warton

• Theocritus [is] another bright instance of the happy abilities and various accomplishments of the ancients. He has written in several sorts of poetry, and succeeded in them all. It seems unnecessary to praise the native simplicity and easy freedom of his pastorals, when Virgil himself sometimes invokes the muse of Syracuse; when he imitates him through all his own poems of that kind, and in several passages translates him... In several of his other poems he shows such strength of reason and politeness, that would qualify him to plead among the orators, and make him acceptable in the courts of princes.
  • Anthony Blackwall, An Introduction to the Classics (1718).

• That which distinguishes Theocritus from all other Poets, both Greek and Latin, and which raises him even above Virgil in his Eclogues, is the inimitable tenderness of his passions, and the natural expression of them in words so becoming of a Pastoral.
  • John Dryden, Preface to Sylvae (1685)

• The Idylliums of Theocritus have something so inimitably sweet in the verse and thoughts, such a native simplicity, and are so genuine, so natural a result of the rural life, that I must, in my poor judgment, allow him the honour of the pastoral.
  • Henry Felton, A Dissertation on Reading the Classics, And Forming a Just Style (1709).

• Quin etiam ritus pastorum et Pana sonantem
  In calamos Sicula memorat tellure creatus,
  Nec silvis silvestre canit perque horrida motus
  Rura serit dulcis Musamque inducit in aulas.
  • The sweet Theocritus, with softest strains,
    Makes piping Pan delight Sicilian swains;
    Through his smooth reed no rustic numbers move,
    But all is tenderness, and all is love;
    As if the Muses sat in every vale,
    Inspir'd the song, and told the melting tale.
  • Marcus Manilius, Astronomica, Book II, lines 39–42 (tr. Thomas Creech).

• Theocritus excels all others in nature and simplicity. The subjects of his Idyllia are purely pastoral... But it is enough that all others [pastoral writers] learned their excellence from him, and that his dialect alone has a secret charm in it, which no other could ever attain.
  • Alexander Pope, A Discourse on Pastoral Poetry (1717).

• There are few images and sentiments in the Eclogues of Virgil, but what are drawn from the Idylliums of Theocritus: in whom there is a rural, romantic wildness of thought, heightened by the Doric dialect; with such lively pictures of the passions, and of simple unadorned nature, as are infinitely pleasing to such lovers and judges of true poetry as yourself. Theocritus is indeed the great store-house of pastoral description, and every succeeding painter of rural beauty (except Thomson in his Seasons) hath copied his images from him, without ever looking abroad upon the face of nature themselves.
  • Joseph Warton, Prefatory Dedication of The Works of Virgil to Lord Lyttelton (1753).

• If I might now venture to speak of the merits of the several pastoral writers, I would say, that in Theocritus we are charmed with a certain sweetness, a romantic rusticity and wildness, heightened by the Doric dialect, that are almost inimitable... Several of his pieces indicate a genius of a higher class, far superior to pastoral, and equal to the sublimest species of poetry.
  • Joseph Warton, A Dissertation upon Pastoral Poetry (1753).

References

• Calverley, C.S., Theocritus. Translated Into English Verse (Cambridge, 1869) Internet Archive

• Fawkes, F., The Idylliums of Theocritus (London, 1767) Internet Archive

• Gallavotti, C., Theocritus quique feruntur Bucolici Graeci (Rome, ³1993)

• Gow, A.S.F., Theocritus. Edited with a Translation and Commentary (Cambridge, ²1952) Internet Archive

• Lang, A., Theocritus, Bion and Moschus. Rendered Into English Prose (London, 1880) Internet Archive

• Polwhele, R., The Idyllia, Epigrams, and Fragments, of Theocritus, Bion, and Moschus (Exeter, 1786) Internet Archive