API:Action API/ja

This is an introductory overview. See the menu bar on the right for more detailed sub-topics.

MediaWiki ウェブ API は、ウィキの機能、データ、メタデータに HTTP でアクセする便利な手段を提供するウェブ サービスです。

はじめに

 注: 「内部 API」や「PHP API」をお探しの場合は、PHP 開発者が MediaWiki インストレーションに新しい機能を追加できるようにする拡張機能のインターフェイスをご覧ください。

MediaWiki のウェブ API は、MediaWiki を監視したり、自動的に保守するためのボットを作成するために使用できます。 ウェブ API は、MediaWiki のデータベース内のデータへの直接的で高水準なアクセス手段を提供します。 クライアント プログラムは、ウェブ サービスに対して HTTP リクエストを送信することで、ウィキにログインする、データを取得する、変更内容を投稿するという処理を自動的に実行できます。 対応しているクライアントには、ボット、Navigation popups などのウェブベース JavaScript クライアント、LiveRC、Vandal Fighter などのエンド ユーザー アプリケーション、その他のウェブ サイト (Tool Labs のユーティリティ) などがあります。

On new MediaWiki installations, the web service is enabled by default, but an administrator can disable it.

MediaWiki has two other outward-facing interfaces:

• The Special:Export page, which provides bulk export of wiki content as XML. Read the Export help article on meta.wikimedia.org for more information.
• The standard web-based interface (which you are likely using right now to view this page). Read Manual:index.php のパラメーター for information on using the web-based interface.

A simple example

This URL tells English Wikipedia's web service API to send you the content of the main page:

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?format=json&action=query&titles=Main%20Page&prop=revisions&rvprop=content

Use any programming language to make an HTTP GET request for that URL (or just visit that link in your browser), and you'll get a JSON document which includes the current wiki markup for the page titled "Main Page". Changing format to jsonfm will return a "pretty-printed" HTML result good for debugging.

Let's pick that URL apart to show how it works.

The endpoint

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php

This is the endpoint. It's like the home page of the MediaWiki web service API. This URL is the base URL for English Wikipedia's API, just as http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ is the base URL for its web site.

If you're writing a program to use English Wikipedia, every URL you construct will begin with this base URL. If you're using a different MediaWiki installation, you'll need to find its endpoint and use that instead. All Wikimedia wikis have endpoints that follow this pattern:

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php      # English Wikipedia API
http://nl.wikipedia.org/w/api.php      # Dutch Wikipedia API
http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php # Wikimedia Commons API

MediaWiki バージョン:

1.17

Since r75621, we have RSD discovery for the endpoint: look for the link rel="EditURI" in the HTML source of any page and extract the api.php URL; the actual link contains additional info. For instance, on this wiki it's:

<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//www.mediawiki.org/w/api.php?action=rsd" />

Otherwise, there's no safe way to locate the endpoint on any wiki. If you're lucky, either the full path to index.php will not be hidden under strange rewrite rules so that you'll only have to take the "edit" (or history) link and replace index.php (etc.) with api.php, or you'll be able to use the default ScriptPath (like w/api.php).

Now let's move on to the parameters in the query string of the URL.

The format

format=json

This tells the Wikimedia web service API that we want data to be returned in JSON format. You might also want to try format=jsonfm to get an HTML version of the result that is good for debugging. Even though the API supports many different output formats such as XML and native PHP, there are plans to remove all formats except for JSON, so you might not want to use them.

The action

action=query

This is the 'action'. The MediaWiki web service API supports over fifty actions, and they're all documented in the API reference. In this case, we're using "query" to tell the API that we want to get some data.

The "query" action is one of the API's most important actions, and it has extensive documentation of its own. What follows is just an explanation of a single example.

Action-specific parameters

titles=Main%20Page

The rest of the example URL contains parameters used by the "query" action. Here, we're telling the web service API that we want information about the Wiki page called "Main Page". (The %20 comes from percent-encoding a space.) If you need to work with multiple pages, please consider putting them all in one request to optimize network and server resources: titles=PageA|PageB|PageC. See the query documentation for details.

prop=revisions

This parameter tells the web service API that we are interested in a particular revision of the page. Since we're not specifying any revision information, the API will give us information about the latest revision — the main page of Wikipedia as it stands right now.

rvprop=content

Finally, this parameter tells the web service API that we want the content of the latest revision of the page. If we passed in rvprop=content|user instead, we'd get the latest page content and the name of the user who made the most recent revision.

Again, this is just one example. Queries are explained in more detail here, and the API reference lists all the possible actions, all the possible values for rvprop, and so on.

An introduction to the API by Roan Kattouw at the San Francisco Hackathon January 2012

Getting started

Before you start using the MediaWiki web service API, be sure to read these documents:

• The FAQ.
• The page about input and output formats
• The page about errors and warnings
• Any policies that apply to the wiki you want to access, such as (for Wikimedia Foundation wikis) our terms of use. These terms apply to you when you access or edit using the web service API, just as they do when you use your web browser.

Beyond that point, what you need to read depends on what you want to do. The right-hand menu links to detailed, task-specific documentation, and some more general guidelines are given below.

Identifying your client

When you make HTTP requests to the MediaWiki web service API, be sure to specify a User-Agent header that properly identifies your client. Don't use the default User-Agent provided by your client library, but make up a custom header that identifies your script or service and provides some type of means of contacting you (e.g., an e-mail address).

An example User-Agent string might look like:

MyCoolTool/1.1 (http://example.com/MyCoolTool/; MyCoolTool@example.com) BasedOnSuperLib/1.4

On Wikimedia wikis, if you don't supply a User-Agent header, or you supply an empty or generic one, your request will fail with an HTTP 403 error (cf. m:User-Agent policy). Other MediaWiki installations may have similar policies.

If you are calling the API from browser-based JavaScript, you won't be able to influence the User-Agent header: the browser will use its own. To work around this, use the Api-User-Agent header:

// Using XMLHttpRequest
xhr.setRequestHeader( 'Api-User-Agent', 'Example/1.0' );

// Using jQuery
$.ajax( {
    url: remoteUrlWithOrigin,
    data: queryData,
    dataType: 'json',
    type: 'POST',
    headers: { 'Api-User-Agent': 'Example/1.0' }
} );

// Using mw.Api, specify it when creating the mw.Api object
var api = new mw.Api( {
    ajax: {
        url: remoteUrlWithOrigin,
        headers: { 'Api-User-Agent': 'Example/1.0' }
    }
} );

In PHP, you can identify your user-agent with code such as this:

ini_set('user_agent', 'MyCoolTool/1.1 (http://example.com/MyCoolTool/; MyCoolTool@example.com) BasedOnSuperLib/1.4');

Or if you use cURL:

curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_USERAGENT, 'MyCoolTool/1.1 (http://example.com/MyCoolTool/; MyCoolTool@example.com) BasedOnSuperLib/1.4');

Logging in

Your client will probably need to log in to MediaWiki, possibly via its own user account. See the login manual page for details.

API etiquette

Please also read: API:Etiquette

If your requests obtain data that can be cached for a while, you should take steps to cache it, so you don't request the same data over and over again. More information about rate-limiting, concurrency, and general API etiquette can be found at API:Etiquette. Some clients may be able to cache data themselves, but for others (particularly JavaScript clients), this is not possible.

Per the HTTP specification, POST requests cannot be cached. Therefore, whenever you're reading data from the web service API, you should use GET requests, not POST.

Also note that a request cannot be served from cache unless the URL is exactly the same. If you make a request for api.php?....titles=Foo|Bar|Hello, and cache the result, then a request for api.php?....titles=Hello|Bar|Hello|Foo will not go through the cache — even though MediaWiki returns the same data!

You should take care to normalize the URLs you send to the MediaWiki web service, so that slightly different user input won't cause you to waste time on unnecessary HTTP requests. You can normalize a list of page titles by removing duplicates and sorting the titles alphabetically. Similar techniques will work for other kinds of data.

Useful links

The menu bar on the right side of this page links to more detailed, task-specific documentation. Here are some links having to do with the API as a whole:

• The API sandbox available on all Wikimedia wikis makes it easy to try out different actions interactively.
• The API reference contains automatically-generated descriptions of all actions and parameters.
• Hook into Wikipedia information using PHP and the MediaWiki API (IBM developerWorks article, 17 May 2011)
• Hook into Wikipedia using Java and the MediaWiki API (6 April 2012)
• The API tutorial leads you through hands-on exercises and includes a training video.
• Mailing list for notifications and questions: API mailing list
  • Low-traffic mailing list for announcements only (all posts to this list are posted to mediawiki-api as well): mediawiki-api-announce
• View and report API bugs: Phabricator (When reporting new bugs, don't forget to set Projects=MediaWiki-API)
• Browse the API source code
• The current MediaWiki database schema
• Browse the current database schema in git

Archived links

• 2006 API discussion

[[Category:MediaWiki DevelopmentTemplate:Translation|API]] [[Category:ManualTemplate:Translation]] [[Category:DocumentationTemplate:Translation]] [[Category:New contributorsTemplate:Translation]]